Chrysogonus was a martyr at Aquileia, probably in the persecution of Diocletian (Diocletian was Roman emperor 284–305; the 'Great Persecution' of 303–311, when imperial edicts ordered churches and Scriptures destroyed and Christians forced to sacrifice to the Roman gods). He was buried there and venerated by the faithful of the region. Very early his cult spread to Rome, where a church in Trastevere, first mentioned in 499 and probably dating from the fourth century, still bears his name.

A legend arose around the sixth century that made him a Roman, probably to explain that church. The source calls it a legend. In it Chrysogonus is the Christian teacher of the noble Roman lady Anastasia. Imprisoned in Diocletian's persecution, he comforted her by letter in her sufferings. Diocletian then had him brought to Aquileia, condemned and beheaded. His body was thrown into the sea, washed ashore, and buried by an aged priest named Zoilus.

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Martyr, suffered at Aquileia, probably during the persecution of Diocletian [Roman emperor 284–305, who began the ‘Great Persecution’ of Christians in 303], was buried there, and publicly venerated by the faithful of that region. His name is found in the so-called "Martyrologium Hieronymianum" on two different days, 31 May and 24 November, with the topographical note, "in Aquileia" ("Martyrol. Hier.", ed. De Rossi; Duchesne in "Acta SS.", Nov. II). The Weissenburg manuscript of the "Mart. Hieron." alone mentions the primitive the topographical indication on the latter date; the Echternach manuscript says, "Romae natale Crisogoni", while under 23 November Chrysogonus appear again among the Roman martyrs. Very early indeed the veneration of this martyr of Aquileia was transferred to Rome, where a titular church, in Trastevere, bears his name to this day. This church (Titulus Chrysogoni) is first mentioned in the signatures of the Roman Synod of 499 (Duchesne, "Notes sur la topographie de Rome au moyen age" in "Mélanges d'archéol. et d'histoire", VII, 227), but it probably dates from the fourth century (De Rossi, "Inscript. christ.", II, 152, N. 27, "Bulletino di archeol. crist.", 1887, 168). It is possible that the founder of the church was a certain Chrysogonus, and that, on account of the similarity of name, the church was soon devoted to the veneration of the martyr of Aquileia, it is also possible that from the beginning, for some unknown reason, it was consecrated to St. Chrysogonus and takes its name from him. In a similar way the veneration of St. Anastasia of Sirmium was translanted to Rome (see ANASTASIA, SAINT, MARTYR) about the sixth century arose a legend of the martyr that made him a Roman and brought him into relation with St. Anastasia, evidently to explain the veneration of Chrysogonus in the Roman church that bears his name. According to this legend, Chrysogonus, at first a functionary of the vicarius Urbis, was the Christian teacher of Anastasia, the daughter of the noble Roman Praetextatus. Being thrown into prison during the persecution of Diocletian, he comforted by his letters the severely afflicted Anastasia. By order of Diocletian, Chrysogonus was brought before the emperor at Aquileia, condemned to death, and beheaded. His corpse, thrown into the sea, was washed ashore and buried by the aged priest, Zoilus. In the legend the death of the saint is placed on the 23rd of November. In the actual Roman martyrology his feast is celebrated on 24 November; by the Greeks on 16 April.